Global System for Mobile Communication,Cellular System
WebJul 10, · The impact of mobile communication development is personal communication services. Between and , Bell Laboratories developed the Web“Mobile communications and pervasive computing technologies, together with social contracts that were never possible before, are already beginning to change the way WebMobile communication is based on two digital units that communicate to a cell cite. For effective communication, there should be smooth transmission of frequency with little or WebMay 14, · Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a widely accepted standard for digital cellular communication, with a market share of 2% and more WebMar 14, · In the year , Mobile Satellite Communication was started by Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), which is a US based company ... read more
The GSM Network GSM recommends certain specifications that define the functions and interface of the network. There are three major systems in the GSM network: the switching system SS , the base station system BSS , and the operation and support system OSS. GSM Web Proforum Tutorials 4. The Switching System SS is responsible for the processing of calls and other subscriber related functions. The SS includes the home location register HLR , visitor location register VLR , authentication center AUC , mobile services switching center MSC and equipment identity register EIR as functional units. The HLR holds important user information. It manages and contains user profile, location and usage status.
The MSC on the other hand handles the technical part. It has the important role of handling all the calls coming in and going out of the network. Order custom essay Global System for Mobile Communication with free plagiarism report. The MSC is also responsible for toll ticketing, common channel signaling and network interfacing. When a subscriber moves to a different subscriber location, such as in roaming, the VLR performs the dynamic task of integrating subscriber information from the HLR to the current MSC.
The AUC controls the security of the network by ensuring the confidentiality of user information. On the technical side, the EIR stores important information about the equipments to prevent calls from stolen or unidentified mobile stations. GSM Network Architecture The Base Station System BSS is composed of the base station controller BSC , the base transceiver station BTS and the air interface. At the base station, The BTS consists of an antenna and a radio transceiver. The transceiver defines the cell coverage area and the mobile protocols.
The BSC handles the various BTS and controls and coordinates these. The BSC also regulates the transmit power levels of the handsets and towers. Bedell The operations and maintenance center OMC connects all equipment in the switching system and the base station controllers. The implementation of this OMC is called the operation and support system OSS. The OSS is used by the network operator to monitor and control the network system. The OSS provides an overview of the network and it provides a platform for the maintenance of activities of the different operators and organizations.
GSM Web Proforum Tutorials 6. All these systems create a widely effective standard for mobile communications. As more improvements have been made such as the GPRS and EDGE technology, GSM remains the enduring standard for telecommunications. Works Cited Bedell, P. Wireless Crash Course McGraw-Hill Professional, Zvonar, Z. GSM: evolution towards 3rd generation systems Springer Global System for Mobile Communication. Web Proforum Tutorials. The International Engineering Consortium. org GSM Network Architecture. This essay was written by a fellow student. You can use it as an example when writing your own essay or use it as a source, but you need cite it. Did you know that we have over 70, essays on 3, topics in our database? Explore how the human body functions as one unit in harmony in order to life.
Global System for Mobile Communication. USDC — US Digital Cellular. CDPD — Cellular Digital Packet Data. IS — Interim Standard JTACS — Japanese Total Access Cellular Systems. PDC — Pacific Digital Cellular. NIT — Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company. PHS — Personal Handy Phone System. ETACS — European Total Access Cellular System. GSM — Global System for Mobile. CT2 — Cordless Telephone. CT2 DECT — Digital European Cordless Telephone. In the examples of cellular, cordless and PCS systems each one of them has unique advantages and facilities with respect to mobile communication technology. Thus, the transition from analog mobile phones to digital mobile phones was made along a number of years and today digital cellular telephony is very popular worldwide due to its several technical advantages, including cellular coverage capability.
Examples of the cellular radio communication. Cellular telephone system. Cordless Telephone CT system. Paging system. These examples are given below. A basic cellular system is given below. The mobile switching center or Mobile Telephone Switching Office MTSO connects the mobile units called parties to the PSTN. Every cell of the particular geographical area has its own base station with a transceiver, an antenna, and also a control circuitry. The base stations are capable of handling many full duplex cellular communications. The cellular communication is made possible between mobile units and the base stations with the help of Common Air Interface CM which specifies four channels.
They are: Forward Control Channels FCC Reverse Control Channels RCC Forward Voice Channels FVC and Reverse Voice Channels RVC. The control channels mentioned here are also termed as setup channels. They will have calls that are in progress but they usually send and receive data messages carrying call initiation and requests for services. As soon as the cell phone is switched on it scans the control channels searching for the strongest signal of a base station. When the call progresses the mobile switching center adjusts the power transmitted PT of the mobile unit and alters the channel of the mobile unit and also the base station so as to maintain the call quality even though the mobile unit is non-stationary. The call in progress continues irrespective of the frequency changes from one base to another base station.
As the mobile moves and the signal strength reduces when it is away from its base station of cell, the next base station of the neighboring cell where the mobile enters in will take charge of the call. A relay like process thus takes place within several base stations of the entire cellular system simply to sustain the call developed between two subscribers. Whenever a mobile originates a call, a request signal will be sent through reverse control channel. By seeing this request the mobile unit will transmit its Mobile Identification Number MIN , telephone number of its called subscriber, and the Electronic Serial Number ESN.
Then the MSC will check the proper validity of the signals sent by the mobile and responds to its request by connecting the called subscriber through PSTN. The mobile communication establishes call, maintains it, and terminates as the call is over. It enables communication even though the distance between subscribers is large. The cordless telephone systems are full duplex systems and it is intended to link a portable handset to the dedicated base station which in turn is connected to a particular dedicated telephone line. For this specific telephone number on Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN is used. But the distance the system covered was only few meters. Cordless Telephone CT System Later the second generation 2G cordless systems the distance was not a problem and the subscribers used cordless systems in mobile environment also.
The system was good only if the subscriber availability was within the coverage of base station. The cordless system also work together with paging system such that the roaming subscriber can first be paged and he or she can respond to it with the help of cordless telephone. In the simple cordless system shown above it illustrates that the cordless handset is linked to PSTN through the base station fixed port. The cordless handset has a wireless link with its dedicated base station. The cordless systems are divided into two namely Analog Cf and Digital CT. In the early days these cordless systems were analog Analog CT. They provided analog voice transmissions and enabled mobility within a limited distances.
But they had many demerits such as Poor call qualities Interference These problems urged the need for digital cordless Digital CT systems. They provided better voice quality similar to wired telephone system. Bit stream compression facility. Immune to errors. Traffic can be separated with the Time Division Duplex TDD access technique. The paging systems are communication systems and they can transmit brief messages to subscribers. The message sent may be an alphanumeric message, numeric message or even a voice data. Paging systems also include news headlines, faxes and stock quotations. It may be sent to a particular paging subscriber through the paging system access number with a modem or a telephone keypad. Such a message is called as page. The important performance metrics used in decision-making process under hand off situations mobility management are listed below.
Probability of call blocking Probability of call dropping Probability of call completion Handoff delay Rate of handoff Probability of an incomplete handoff Probability of handoff blocking Interruption time duration Handoff probability. Strategies used to calculate the instant of handoff are: Relative signal strength method. Relative signal strength with hysteris method. Relative signal strength with threshold method. Prediction techniques. In a wide area paging system a paging control center is available that connects the MIN to different paging terminals.
Wide Area Paging Systems Thus paging systems enable communication with subscribers irrespective of their roaming state. But the system requires large transmitter powers in the order of kilowatts and uses only low data rates for providing proper coverage. There are several functionalities possible with cellular mobile phones as shown above which includes the pager functions too. It is helpful in sending short messages which are highly used by subscribers. The short message or page is sent to a subscriber wherever he is, and it is the main advantage of these system in spite of low data rates and large transmitter power requirements. Important Terminologies: Cell: It is smallest geographical area considered for cellular mobile communication. Base station BS : Base station provides functionalities between mobile unit and Mobile Switching Center MSC.
The base station is located in each cell and it links the subscriber mobile unit with the MSC. Cell Splitting: In high cellular traffic regions, a larger cell is divided into smaller cells to have complete radio coverage. Cell sectoring: A cell can be divided into many sectors. For example, from 3 sectors to 6 sectors in a hexagonal cell. The directional antenna should focus on each sector. Umbrella cell pattern: A single large cell Macro cell consists of many small cells Micro cells and there will be interaction between the micro and macro cells. Control Channel: They are used for necessary exchange of information related to setting up and establishing cell base stations and the mobile units.
Traffic Channels: They are used for carrying data or voice connections between different users. Frequency Reuse: It is a concept followed in cellular communication for efficient spectrum utilization. Fading: Fading is an effect in mobile radio propagation. It is common in multipath mobile signaling environment. Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications With the help of digital signal processing, RF technology, network intelligence the personal wireless systems have developed worldwide and provide many number of services to subscribers in their unique way. The Personal Communication Services PCS initiated in the United Kingdom and the frequency spectrum allotted was in the range MHz. It focused on developing Personal Communication Networking PCN.
The advantage of PCN is that the subscriber can receive or make a call irrespective of the roaming status. The Personal Communication Systems PCS includes several network features and provides more personalization, than the available cellular systems. Then the indoor wireless networking got all the importance due to the better network connectivity within the building premises. One such standard is HIPERLAN compatible with indoor wireless standard and it was developed by European Telecommunications Standard Institute ETSI. An important worldwide standard known as Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System FPLMTS or International Mobile Telecommunication INT emerged in the year and it was developed by International Telecommunications Union ITU.
This IMT is a third generation 3G standard and some of its advantages are: Global compatibility. Integrate paging, cordless and the cellular mobile system and LEO satellites as a single mobile system.
Home — Essay Samples — Information Science and Technology — Mobile Phone — Evolution Of Mobile Communication. The conversation established between two users with their handheld equipment at different locations is commonly referred as mobile communication. In the beginning, its focus was towards voice but later on, it also dealt with data. Currently cellular phone provide many services including E-mail, internet access, short message service, electronic address book, games and calculator. Further progress is being made to attract users towards commercial product. Advanced Mobile Phone System AMPS was the first generation digital cellular wireless network with a data rate of The popular Global System for Mobile communications GSM and Personal Communication Service PCS belong to the second generation wireless systems providing 9.
The worldwide development of wireless communication started in the year by means of radio due to the revolution in the fields like: RF circuit fabrication Large scale circuit integration Digital circuit design Miniaturization technologies The impact of mobile communication development is personal communication services. Between and , Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concepts. An exponential growth was observed in wireless communication. Wireless technologies penetration is witnessed more in our day to day lives as compared to other communications.
Revolution in the communication field is due to personal as well as cell communication services. The graph below shows a comparison between mobile communication and other technologies. Cellular mobile communication technology developed worldwide and emerged slowly. At the same time it has penetrated into the market with high demand for long time than other technologies. A significant growth can be seen in the graph. Police radio systems used Amplitude Modulation AM systems in for transmission. Vehicular ignition noise was the major problem faced by the early cellular systems. In wireless communications, there is a worldwide increase in number of consumers. Later a better cellular mobile system using Code Division Multiple Access CDMA was developed by the Qualcomm, Inc which was then standardized by the respective Telecommunications Industry Association TIA and the system was named as Interim Standard IS The IS allowed many number of mobile users by Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS technique.
The CDMA cellular phone systems were independent of interference problems and provided better call quality than the first generation 1G AMPS cellular system. Some of the mobile standards of North America, Japan and Europe are listed below. AMPS — Analog Mobile Phone System. USDC — US Digital Cellular. CDPD — Cellular Digital Packet Data. IS — Interim Standard JTACS — Japanese Total Access Cellular Systems. PDC — Pacific Digital Cellular. NIT — Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company. PHS — Personal Handy Phone System. ETACS — European Total Access Cellular System. GSM — Global System for Mobile. CT2 — Cordless Telephone. CT2 DECT — Digital European Cordless Telephone. In the examples of cellular, cordless and PCS systems each one of them has unique advantages and facilities with respect to mobile communication technology.
Thus, the transition from analog mobile phones to digital mobile phones was made along a number of years and today digital cellular telephony is very popular worldwide due to its several technical advantages, including cellular coverage capability. Examples of the cellular radio communication. Cellular telephone system. Cordless Telephone CT system. Paging system. These examples are given below. A basic cellular system is given below. The mobile switching center or Mobile Telephone Switching Office MTSO connects the mobile units called parties to the PSTN.
Every cell of the particular geographical area has its own base station with a transceiver, an antenna, and also a control circuitry. The base stations are capable of handling many full duplex cellular communications. The cellular communication is made possible between mobile units and the base stations with the help of Common Air Interface CM which specifies four channels. They are: Forward Control Channels FCC Reverse Control Channels RCC Forward Voice Channels FVC and Reverse Voice Channels RVC. The control channels mentioned here are also termed as setup channels. They will have calls that are in progress but they usually send and receive data messages carrying call initiation and requests for services.
As soon as the cell phone is switched on it scans the control channels searching for the strongest signal of a base station. When the call progresses the mobile switching center adjusts the power transmitted PT of the mobile unit and alters the channel of the mobile unit and also the base station so as to maintain the call quality even though the mobile unit is non-stationary. The call in progress continues irrespective of the frequency changes from one base to another base station. As the mobile moves and the signal strength reduces when it is away from its base station of cell, the next base station of the neighboring cell where the mobile enters in will take charge of the call.
A relay like process thus takes place within several base stations of the entire cellular system simply to sustain the call developed between two subscribers. Whenever a mobile originates a call, a request signal will be sent through reverse control channel. By seeing this request the mobile unit will transmit its Mobile Identification Number MIN , telephone number of its called subscriber, and the Electronic Serial Number ESN. Then the MSC will check the proper validity of the signals sent by the mobile and responds to its request by connecting the called subscriber through PSTN. The mobile communication establishes call, maintains it, and terminates as the call is over. It enables communication even though the distance between subscribers is large.
The cordless telephone systems are full duplex systems and it is intended to link a portable handset to the dedicated base station which in turn is connected to a particular dedicated telephone line. For this specific telephone number on Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN is used. But the distance the system covered was only few meters. Cordless Telephone CT System Later the second generation 2G cordless systems the distance was not a problem and the subscribers used cordless systems in mobile environment also. The system was good only if the subscriber availability was within the coverage of base station. The cordless system also work together with paging system such that the roaming subscriber can first be paged and he or she can respond to it with the help of cordless telephone.
In the simple cordless system shown above it illustrates that the cordless handset is linked to PSTN through the base station fixed port. The cordless handset has a wireless link with its dedicated base station. The cordless systems are divided into two namely Analog Cf and Digital CT. In the early days these cordless systems were analog Analog CT. They provided analog voice transmissions and enabled mobility within a limited distances. But they had many demerits such as Poor call qualities Interference These problems urged the need for digital cordless Digital CT systems.
They provided better voice quality similar to wired telephone system. Bit stream compression facility. Immune to errors. Traffic can be separated with the Time Division Duplex TDD access technique. The paging systems are communication systems and they can transmit brief messages to subscribers. The message sent may be an alphanumeric message, numeric message or even a voice data. Paging systems also include news headlines, faxes and stock quotations. It may be sent to a particular paging subscriber through the paging system access number with a modem or a telephone keypad. Such a message is called as page. The important performance metrics used in decision-making process under hand off situations mobility management are listed below.
Probability of call blocking Probability of call dropping Probability of call completion Handoff delay Rate of handoff Probability of an incomplete handoff Probability of handoff blocking Interruption time duration Handoff probability. Strategies used to calculate the instant of handoff are: Relative signal strength method. Relative signal strength with hysteris method. Relative signal strength with threshold method. Prediction techniques. In a wide area paging system a paging control center is available that connects the MIN to different paging terminals. Wide Area Paging Systems Thus paging systems enable communication with subscribers irrespective of their roaming state.
But the system requires large transmitter powers in the order of kilowatts and uses only low data rates for providing proper coverage. There are several functionalities possible with cellular mobile phones as shown above which includes the pager functions too. It is helpful in sending short messages which are highly used by subscribers. The short message or page is sent to a subscriber wherever he is, and it is the main advantage of these system in spite of low data rates and large transmitter power requirements. Important Terminologies: Cell: It is smallest geographical area considered for cellular mobile communication.
Base station BS : Base station provides functionalities between mobile unit and Mobile Switching Center MSC. The base station is located in each cell and it links the subscriber mobile unit with the MSC. Cell Splitting: In high cellular traffic regions, a larger cell is divided into smaller cells to have complete radio coverage. Cell sectoring: A cell can be divided into many sectors. For example, from 3 sectors to 6 sectors in a hexagonal cell.
Mobile Communication Principles,Table of contents
Web“Mobile communications and pervasive computing technologies, together with social contracts that were never possible before, are already beginning to change the way WebMay 14, · Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a widely accepted standard for digital cellular communication, with a market share of 2% and more Web+ Words Essay on Importance of Communication: Communication is one of the important tools that aid us to connect with people. Either you are a student or a working WebMar 14, · In the year , Mobile Satellite Communication was started by Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), which is a US based company WebMobile communication is based on two digital units that communicate to a cell cite. For effective communication, there should be smooth transmission of frequency with little or WebJul 10, · The impact of mobile communication development is personal communication services. Between and , Bell Laboratories developed the ... read more
A cell phone works by communicating with its service network through a cell tower or base station. Order original essay sample specially for your assignment needs. Get custom paper. The graph below shows a comparison between mobile communication and other technologies. Starting from 3 hours delivery.
How can an understanding of non verbal essay on mobile communication make business communication more effective? It has a fully digital and portable terminal to provide high quality cellular voice and data transmission services. Reflective Essay On Digital Communication Words 8 Pages The world we live in today is predominately changing with the advancement of digital communication in the daily aspects of our life. Probability of call blocking Probability of call dropping Probability of call completion Handoff delay Rate of handoff Probability of an incomplete handoff Probability of handoff blocking Interruption time duration Handoff probability, essay on mobile communication. their families and friends usually calling and texting.
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